In a ruling on issues raised regarding the denial of an application for renewal of a natural gas-fired power plant’s Title V air permit, a New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) administrative law judge (ALJ) ruled that Section 7(2) of the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) authorized NYSDEC to deny the application. Section 7(2) provides that New York State agencies must consider whether decisions “are inconsistent with, or will interfere with, the attainment of the statewide [greenhouse gas] emission limits” established in the CLCPA, and, if an action is deemed inconsistent, that agencies must provide a detailed justification and identify alternatives or greenhouse gas mitigation measures to be imposed. The ALJ also found that NYSDEC staff did not err in concluding that the renewal permit was not consistent with the CLCPA emissions limits notwithstanding the applicant’s proposal to cease operations in 2035 or 2040. The ALJ’s other issues rulings included a determination that CLCPA Section 7(3)—which requires that New York State agencies “not disproportionately burden disadvantaged communities”—was applicable to the permit renewal application. The ALJ identified three issues for adjudication: (1) whether there is justification for renewal of the air permit notwithstanding its inconsistency with the greenhouse gas emissions limits; (2) whether there are proposed alternatives or greenhouse gas mitigation measures that would immediately lessen or eliminate the inconsistency or interference with greenhouse gas emissions goals at the time of permit issuance; and (3) whether renewal of the air permit would disproportionately burden disadvantaged communities. Although the ALJ concluded that the power plant’s primary purpose—which was to provide electricity for cryptocurrency mining—was not relevant to whether the renewal permit was inconsistent with the CLCPA greenhouse gas emissions limits, the ALJ found that purpose could be considered in the determination of whether the permit renewal was justified. The ALJ granted full party status to four environmental groups.

Challenge to the denial of an application for renewal of a Title V air permit for natural gas-fired power plant used to power cryptocurrency mining.

In re Greenidge Generation LLC

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Administrative Law Judge Said NYSDEC Could Deny Permit Renewal for Power Plant Based on State Climate Law; Issue of Permit’s Justification to Be Adjudicated

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An aim to achieve a quantifiable outcome within a given time-frame, set by an institution such as a national government.

Policy instruments are techniques or tools used by governing authorities to promote certain policies in order to achieve predetermined goals. Put simply, instruments are how a government tries to achieve its goals, with this taxonomy being focused on national policy instruments.

Risk is the potential for adverse consequences resulting from the dynamic interplay between (climate-related) hazards, exposure, and vulnerability of affected human or ecological systems.

Groups  of people who are adversely affected by climate change or the response to it

A set of principles, processes, and practices that build economic and political power to shift from an extractive economy to a regenerative economy.

Justice is the ethical and political framework that addresses fairness, including issues of responsibility, rights, and structural inequity.

Renewable energy means all forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner.

Fossil fuel is a generic term for non-renewable energy sources such as coal, fossil gas, and oil (including crude oil, and petroleum products), that can be used for electricity and heat generation. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from pressurised and heated organic material buried over millions of years.

Molecules in the atmosphere that play a key role in the greenhouse effect by trapping heat radiating from Earth’s surface.

Area of the economy in which actors engage in identical or related activities.

In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, in order to moderate harm, increase resilience or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate change and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate change and its effects.

The management and allocation of funds, assets and investments to meet various objectives

People who are less able to respond to the effects of climate change due to having limited financial or physical assets

A loan is a policy instrument where funds are provided to a borrower with the expectation of repaying the principal plus interest.

Tradable permits are market-based tools that grant permission for specific activities, frequently used to regulate emissions. These permits can be issued within a trading system to manage environmental impacts.

Codes and standards are regulatory instruments that specify minimum standards to protect health and safety. This ranges from performance standards, which prescribe outcomes while allowing flexibility to achieve compliance, to the more prescriptive approach of technology-specific standards.

A ban is a legal action that prevents the sale or supply of a product or service, or that recalls a product from the market. Examples are bans on SF6, greenwashing, fossil fuel advertisement or single-use plastics.

A target to reduce the prevalence of a greenhouse gas over a specific time frame

A commitment to balance GHG emissions with removal by a certain point in time, effectively reducing the net emissions to zero

Either money or something of monetary value is transferred between two or more organisations, people or countries.

Actions or measures to adapt freshwater systems to climate change.

Actions or measures to adapt freshwater, coastal and marine systems to climate change.

A long-lived, colourless gas, chiefly emitted from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation and cement production.

Actions to reduce emissions in energy generation and supply.

Investment in electricity transmission and distribution systems capable of integrating renewable energy, supporting electrification and strengthening energy system resilience.

Extreme weather refers to events where a weather variable exceeds (or falls below) a threshold. Meaning it is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern.

Air pollution involves harmful contaminants in the air, affecting both indoor and outdoor environments. It can lead to health issues like respiratory diseases and heart problems, and climate impacts such as global warming. Pollutants can damage plants, trees, habitats, and water bodies like rivers and lakes.

Energy derived from biological compounds that are renewable due to their short life cycle within the carbon dioxide cycle.

Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in society—improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged on the basis of their identity.

Oil is a combustible liquid fossil fuel composed mainly of hydrocarbons, occurring as crude oil and refined into petroleum products such as petrol, diesel and kerosene.

Fossil gas, commonly known as natural gas, is a fossil fuel consisting chiefly of methane with smaller amounts of other hydrocarbons and trace gases, found in underground deposits.

Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock formed from carbonised plant matter, rich in carbon and hydrocarbons, and occurring in several main types including hard coal and brown coal.

Activities of industries that extract natural resources, such as mining, oil, and gas, for commercial use.

The activities of industries involved in the production, distribution, and sale of energy, including electricity, gas, and renewables.

Activities that involve planning, designing and building infrastructure, residential, and commercial structures.

Activities that provide lodging, food, and entertainment services to guests, including hotels, restaurants, and resorts.

This sector involves activities that impart knowledge and skills to individuals, including formal schooling, vocational training and educational support.

Activities of government agencies and institutions that provide public services, enforce laws and manage public resources.

This sector involves the distribution, treatment, and conservation of water resources.

Slow onset events evolve gradually from incremental changes over many years or from increased frequency or intensity of recurring events. As defined in the Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010), slow onset events include risks and impacts from rising temperatures, desertification, biodiversity loss, land and forest degradation, glacial retreat, ocean acidification, sea level rise, and salinization.

Administrative Law Judge Said NYSDEC Could Deny Permit Renewal for Power Plant Based on State Climate Law; Issue of Permit’s Justification to Be Adjudicated

Target

Policy instrument

Risk

Impacted group

Just transition

Renewable energy

Fossil fuel

Greenhouse gas

Economic sector

Adaptation/resilience

Finance