Bathurst Resources Limited (BRL) wanted access to Southland District Council-owned forestry land to assess the viability of extending an existing coal mine in Southland. The coal mine would be operated by BRL’s wholly owned subsidiary, New Brighton Collieries Ltd (NBC). 

In April 2021, Southland District Council (Council) at a full council meeting resolved to: 
(a) enter into an access arrangement with BRL regarding commercial forestry land owned by the Council (Ohai Commercial Forest), for coal exploration purposes; and
(b) authorise its officers to negotiate an access arrangement for mining purposes regarding the land (together, the Access Decision).

Forest & Bird challenged the decision on eight grounds, arguing, in essence, that the Council erred in its assessment of the significance of the Access Decision under the Local Government Act 2002 and in deciding that public engagement or consultation was not required before making the Access Decision. 

NBC applied to strike out the decision in the High Court, including on the ground that the access permit did not permit any commercial mining of coal. Any such mining that might occur in the future would only follow the granting of a mining permit by the Crown, as well as a publicly notified resource consent process under the Resource Management Act 1991. Associate Judge Johnson of the High Court, on November 4, 2021, declined to rule on the strike-out application and directed that it be heard with the substantive judicial review application. 

On March 6, 2023, Justice Osborne of the High Court declined the substantive application, including declining to accept Forest & Bird’s categorisation of the Access Decision as a “climate change” decision and, as such, a decision (arguably) subject to a heightened standard of review. Osbourne J also accepted, in part, that there was a meaningful distinction to be drawn between Council making a decision under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 as a private landowner, compared to Council making a decision as a regulatory body under the Resource Management Act 1991, for example. One of the errors Forest & Bird argued was that the decision to facilitate the expansion of coal mining operations was unreasonable. While Osbourne J accepted that “it may be semantically correct to describe an access arrangement as something that ‘facilitates’ a subsequent expansion of coal mining, it is fundamentally important to considering the reasonableness of the Council's approach that the Council, by agreeing to enter into an access arrangement, was not approving the expansion of coal mining”, as such the Council’s logic fell ‘well short’ of being perverse or absurd”. 

Forest & Bird appealed to the Court of Appeal, pursuing three interrelated substantive grounds, being that the Council erred in the Access Decision:
By assessing the access decision as ‘not’ significant; and so 
By deciding that consultation or seeking the views and preferences of persons likely to be affected by, or to have an interest in, the decision was not required; and 
Considering that any need for consultation or public engagement could be addressed by the imposition of the downstream publicly notified resource consent condition. 

Forest & Bird also maintained on appeal that the Council's decision was unreasonable and that, in light of the climate change context, the courts should apply a “heightened scrutiny” standard of review. 

A bench consisting of Justices Katz, Mallon, and Ellis from the Court of Appeal, on July 16, 2025, dismissed the appeal. The decision was largely based on the fact that by the time of the hearing in the High Court, NBC had completed its exploration activities and made no resource consent application. There had also been legislative amendments repealing sections 104E and 70A of the Resource Management Act 1991, which previously prohibited local authorities from considering discharges to air of greenhouse gas emissions in exercising their resource consenting and rule-making functions under the RMA (except to the extent that the use and development of renewable energy enables a reduction in the discharge into air of greenhouse gases). The Court of Appeal held that the issue was moot at the time of the first hearing and so, given these material changes, any grant of declaratory relief would be empty. 

The Court of Appeal acknowledged the ‘but for’ analysis urged by Forest & Bird, that there can be no coal mining without the grant of access for exploration; however, it held that the reality was that under the Crown Minerals Act 1991, a denial of access by the Council did not mean access would not be granted. The Court further held that while granting access may have opened the first “door,” doing so does not mean that the subsequent “doors” will also be open, or even tried.


Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc v Southland District Council

<p>This entry was provided by the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. Please see the terms of use for citation and licensing of third party data.</p>

Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc v Southland District Council - decision

Filed

New Zealand

The Climate Litigation Database

Find climate change litigation data and indicators for {text}.

{text} litigation

Sabin Center for Climate Change Law provides Climate Litigation Database, a comprehensive database of US and Global climate change caselaw

Quickly and easily search through the complete text of thousands of climate change law and policy documents from every country.

Search the Climate Litigation Database

An aim to achieve a quantifiable outcome within a given time-frame, set by an institution such as a national government.

Policy instruments are techniques or tools used by governing authorities to promote certain policies in order to achieve predetermined goals. Put simply, instruments are how a government tries to achieve its goals, with this taxonomy being focused on national policy instruments.

Risk is the potential for adverse consequences resulting from the dynamic interplay between (climate-related) hazards, exposure, and vulnerability of affected human or ecological systems.

Groups  of people who are adversely affected by climate change or the response to it

A set of principles, processes, and practices that build economic and political power to shift from an extractive economy to a regenerative economy.

Justice is the ethical and political framework that addresses fairness, including issues of responsibility, rights, and structural inequity.

Renewable energy means all forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner.

Fossil fuel is a generic term for non-renewable energy sources such as coal, fossil gas, and oil (including crude oil, and petroleum products), that can be used for electricity and heat generation. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from pressurised and heated organic material buried over millions of years.

Molecules in the atmosphere that play a key role in the greenhouse effect by trapping heat radiating from Earth’s surface.

Area of the economy in which actors engage in identical or related activities.

In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, in order to moderate harm, increase resilience or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate change and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate change and its effects.

The management and allocation of funds, assets and investments to meet various objectives

A ban is a legal action that prevents the sale or supply of a product or service, or that recalls a product from the market. Examples are bans on SF6, greenwashing, fossil fuel advertisement or single-use plastics.

A target to reduce the prevalence of a greenhouse gas over a specific time frame

A commitment to balance GHG emissions with removal by a certain point in time, effectively reducing the net emissions to zero

Either money or something of monetary value is transferred between two or more organisations, people or countries.

The release of heat-trapping gases, primarily from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and industry.

A long-lived, colourless gas, chiefly emitted from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation and cement production.

Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in society—improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of those disadvantaged on the basis of their identity.

Oil is a combustible liquid fossil fuel composed mainly of hydrocarbons, occurring as crude oil and refined into petroleum products such as petrol, diesel and kerosene.

Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock formed from carbonised plant matter, rich in carbon and hydrocarbons, and occurring in several main types including hard coal and brown coal.

People with different national or cultural traditions from the dominant population

Social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced

Activities of industries that extract natural resources, such as mining, oil, and gas, for commercial use.

The activities of industries that transforms raw materials into finished goods through industrial processes.

The activities of industries involved in the production, distribution, and sale of energy, including electricity, gas, and renewables.

This sector involves the wholesale and retail selling of goods.

This sector involves activities to move goods and people, alongside the storage of products.

This sector includes firms and individuals offering specialised expertise in fields such as law, accounting, consulting, science and engineering.

Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc v Southland District Council - decision

Target

Policy instrument

Impacted group

Just transition

Fossil fuel

Greenhouse gas

Economic sector

Adaptation/resilience

Finance