Rio Grande do Sul

Brazil

Rio de Janeiro

Bahia

Rio Grande do Norte

Ceará

Rondônia

Distrito Federal

Roraima

Espírito Santo

Goiás

Santa Catarina

Maranhão

Sergipe

Minas Gerais

São Paulo

Mato Grosso do Sul

Tocantins

Mato Grosso

Pará

Paraíba

Acre

Pernambuco

Alagoas

Piauí

Amazonas

Paraná

Amapá

In July, 2025, the Arayara International Institute of Education and Culture - Arayara Institute of Education for Sustainability filed a Public Civil Action (ACP) filed against Âmbar Sul Energia SA, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL), and the Federal Government due to alleged irregularities in the operation of the Candiota III Thermoelectric Power Plant (UTE), located in Candiota, Rio Grande do Sul, and owned by Âmbar Sul Energia SA. The aim is to suspend the UTE's activities and impose specific obligations on the operator and the public entities responsible for monitoring and granting its operation. The plaintiff highlights that, among other irregularities in the plant's environmental licensing process, there is repeated noncompliance with environmental conditions; and the current Operating License (LO) does not establish specific time limits for atmospheric emissions. The UTE also allegedly has several unpaid infraction notices issued against it. Furthermore, the report argues that the plant operates by burning low-quality coal, which exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions and makes it one of the largest GHG emitters in the Brazilian electricity system, contributing to acid rain, degrading air quality, and worsening the climate crisis. It highlights the occurrence of extreme weather events in the country, particularly the 2024 floods in Rio Grande do Sul, which are likely to worsen, arguing that mitigating GHG emissions is urgently needed to mitigate the effects of climate change. It argues that ANEEL has failed to monitor and control irregularities at the project. It argues that the UTE's operations must be halted due to repeated failure to comply with environmental obligations and also to reduce GHG emissions. As a preliminary injunction, it requests: (i) suspension of the plant's LO until all environmental conditions already established by the environmental agency and compliance with legal GHG emission standards are fully met; (ii) imposing a non-action obligation on ANEEL and the Federal Government to refrain from issuing a commercial operating authorization for the project until it complies with the legal requirements; (iii) imposing a non-action obligation on Âmbar to refrain from operating the project without a valid environmental license and all necessary regulatory authorizations; (iv) determining the existence of the action in the registration of the property where the project operates. In the final instance, confirmation of the same requests submitted in urgent relief is requested.

On June 6, 2024, the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) filed a Civil Public Action (CPA) with a request for an injunction against the Federal Government, the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and nine municipalities in the Taquari Valley (RS) due to climatic events that occurred between September and November 2023 and April and May 2024. Subsequently, the National Association of Dam-Affected People (ANAB) was also allowed to join the lawsuit. 

The CPA is seeking for the recognition of governmental omission/inefficiency in the disasters that occurred, and the determination of structural measures for better coordination between the federal entities in the implementation of public policies for climate adaptation and disaster adaptation and response. It is claimed that the state of Rio Grande do Sul has been victimized by disasters, the frequency and intensity of which are increasing due to climate change. It is argued that the flooding in the municipalities of the Taquari Valley demonstrates the existence of flawed climate governance whose emergency response and prevention systems are inadequate for crises. In contrast, it is argued that effective management of extreme events requires coordinated action between the different sectoral policies and the federal, state and municipal levels of government intending to prevent new disasters and recover affected areas. Moreover, the predictability of the event and human action are stated as important elements in potentiating the disaster, giving rise to civil liability of the defendants for damages caused, without the possibility of invoking any exclusion of causality. It is mentioned that the action aims to guarantee climate justice, recognizing that extreme weather events have a more severe impact on vulnerable communities, which have contributed less to GHG emissions and have fewer resources to adapt and recover. 

Thus, it is stated that mitigation strategies must be implemented simultaneously with climate adaptation measures, a duty expressly established in Article 4 of the National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC). It is argued that only with sustainable urban planning strategies, with the active participation of communities and based on the best techniques, will it be possible to build resilient solutions capable of reducing vulnerabilities to disasters. This requires structural and non-structural measures to control flooding and urban drainage systems, the revision of City Planning, the improvement of warning and hydrological control systems and the training of communities. Considering this panorama, the preliminary injunction requires compliance with a series of immediate measures listed in the initial petition to deal with the crisis. Medium and long-term measures are also listed, which are not exhaustive, to establish initial parameters for a joint solution to the issue with the other defendants. Thus, in the final instance, it is requested (i) that the defendants be ordered, with the active participation of the social groups affected, to draw up a restructuring plan, through incremental, successive and/or simultaneous measures, for the areas affected, with due regard for climate adaptation and resilience; (ii) that the form of participation of the groups affected be established; (iii) that a dynamic be established for monitoring the restructuring plan by a committee with representatives from segments of civil society and the government.

On July 19, 2024, the Instituto Internacional Arayara de Educação e Cultura - Instituto Arayara de Educação para a Sustentabilidade filed a Public Civil Action (CPA), with a request for an injunction, against the State of Rio Grande do Sul, seeking the implementation of a just energy transition process within the state. This includes a structured plan to ensure the decommissioning of the fossil fuel-powered thermoelectric sector and adopting a process to rebuild state infrastructure. The causes of action include the catastrophic consequences of the climate crisis experienced by the state; the fact that its fossil fuel-powered thermoelectric sector is one of the least efficient in Brazil, responsible for significant environmental liabilities and a large stock of emissions; and the state’s commitment under the Proclima 2050 program, which falls short of the state's needs in terms of energy transition. It is argued that the thermoelectric sector structure in Rio Grande do Sul contributes to climate change, and the Proclima 2050 program fails to provide truly effective guidelines for a just energy transition, which is critical given the increasingly frequent extreme weather events in the region.
In the injunction, it is requested that: 
(i) The State of Rio Grande do Sul be ordered to establish a participatory committee to develop a just energy transition plan, with diverse representation; 
(ii) The committee operates based on scientific data, hiring specialized consultancy to assist in its functioning; 
(iii) The plan formulated by the committee be presented within 180 days; and 
(iv) The State of Rio Grande do Sul be prohibited from granting tax exemptions, incentives, new licenses, or even carrying out reconstruction works for the fossil fuel-powered thermoelectric sector.

On the merits, it is requested that the action be granted, with confirmation of the urgent injunction.


On July 6, 2023, Instituto Preservar, Associação Gaúcha de Proteção ao Ambiente Natural - AGAPAN, and Núcleo Amigos da Terra - Brasil filed a Public Civil Action (ACP) against the Federal Union, the Federal Environment Agency - IBAMA, the National Electric Power Agency - ANEEL, Companhia de Geração e Transmissão de Energia Elétrica do Sul do Brasil - Eletrobras CGT Eletrosul (SE &amp; UTE Cantiota III), the State of Rio Grande do Sul, the Rio Grande do Sul environmental agency - FEPAM, and Companhia Riograndense de Mineração - CRM. The lawsuit seeks to order the defendants to adopt effective measures to comply with the guidelines, deadlines, and targets set out in federal and Rio Grande do Sul&#39;s climate laws. It is argued that in the period from 2009 to 2023, the Federal Government, and from 2010 to 2023, the state of Rio Grande do Sul, by action or omission, failed to comply with the legal guidelines and did not meet the deadlines and targets set out in the National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC), the Paris Agreement and the Rio Grande do Sul&#39;s Policy on Climate Change (PGMC), as there was no effective implementation of instruments such as the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), equal and transparent composition of the Rio Grande do Sul Climate Change Forum (FGMC) and the Brazilian Climate Change Forum and no measures have been taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from coal-fired power plants in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with a Just Energy Transition (TEJ) plan, which results in the ineffectiveness of these climate standards. It is pointed out that the climate crisis has led to water shortages in the municipality of Candiota, which has been recognized by municipal decree and that, in parallel to this situation, the various coal-fired thermoelectric plants in the region use local water for cooling, causing damage to the water system, the biome and the climate. It is alleged that the defendants have neglected climate policy when dealing with the licensing and renewal of licenses for these projects in the state. At the same time, the Federal Government has encouraged coal-fired thermoelectric projects through energy auctions authorized by ANEEL. CRM, responsible for the Candiota coal mine, and CGT Eletrosul, responsible for the Candiota III Thermoelectric Plant - the most polluting and least efficient plant in the country - have been operating in disregard of environmental climate laws. It is argued that it is up to the Judiciary, based on the principle of the prohibition of regression and duties of protection, to guarantee effective compliance with the rules in question and prevent the climate scenario from worsening. It is argued that the entire situation of alleged unlawfulness gives rise to a claim for compensation for collective moral damages. The plaintiffs make several requests for injunctive relief for the various defendants, so that the defendants&#39; conduct is brought into line with the environmental climate standards. On the merits, it is requested that (i) the requests for preliminary injunctions be confirmed; (ii) it be declared that in the period from 2009 to 2023, the Federal Government, and from 2010 to 2023, the state of Rio Grande do Sul, by action or omission, failed to comply with climate standards and did not meet the deadlines and targets set out in the PNMC, the Paris Agreement and the PGMC, because they did not give effect to the regulations and did not act to reduce GHG emissions from coal-fired thermoelectric plants in the state; (iii) to declare that Rio Grande do Sul has failed to meet the targets and deadlines set out in international, national and state regulations; (iv) the suspension of public incentives to explore coal in the state, the implementation of a TEJ plan for the contested plants; the publication of public notices to financial educational projects and research projects with universities and federal institutes that encourage environmental awareness and the guidelines of the PNMC and PGM; the creation of a WG for the decommissioning and energy transition of coal-fired projects; the suspension and non-renewal of energy sales contracts for the contested plants; (v) ordering the defendants to pay compensation for climate damage; (vi) ordering the Federal Government and the state of Rio Grande do Sul to bear the costs of the requests made; (vii) ordering all the defendants to pay the sum of ten million reais as collective moral damage in environmental and climate matters. The request for injunctive relief was rejected by the judge, which ruled that the analysis of the claims would require a more in-depth hearing. The judge argued that the plaintiffs&#39; claims were too broad and had high economic, political and social impacts. In addition, he argued that the effects of climate change are recognized by the international community, that the process of adaptation by countries is slower than desirable, and could cause irreversible damage to the environment and future generations. CRM defended that all its activities are in line with environmental legislation and that, in accordance with current regulations, it is already drawing up a mine closure plan. In September 2023, the defendants filed their defenses, claiming that the activities were in line with environmental legislation. CRM claimed that it had already drawn up a mine closure plan. ANEEL pointed out that the participation of non-renewable sources in energy auctions is not the result of ANEEL&#39;s discretionary choice, but rather of compliance with the guidelines established by the Ministry of Mines and Energy and that the agency does not have a licensing function. It claimed that Rio Grande do Sul has 80% of its energy matrix made up of renewable energies and that the forecast for the expansion of energy supply in the state does not include an increase in fossil sources. The state of Rio Grande do Sul argued that it complies with current federal and state regulations, that the causes of climate change are global and that there is no causal link between the state&#39;s conduct and the damage alleged in the lawsuit. IBAMA argued that there is a lack of rules on the mitigation and reduction of GHG emissions; that decisions on the reduction of GHG emissions and the need to replace the national energy matrix are made by technical bodies and it is not up to the Judiciary to intervene; that the causes of air pollution are diffuse and that there is no proof of damage caused by IBAMA. The Union highlighted the lack of sectoral sub-national targets for reducing GHG emissions in Brazilian legislation and the absence of a causal link that could connect the Union to the environmental damage referred to in the initial petition, whether by action or omission. Eletrobras CGT Eletrosul claimed that the licensing of the Candiota III TPP regularly took place, that climate factors were taken into account in the procedure; that its operation complies with the GHG emission parameters established in the licensing; and that the plant is not the most polluting in the country. It argued that the Paris Agreement, the PNMC and the Gaucho Policy on Climate Change are general and programmatic norms, which do not generate obligations; and that there is no specific legal provision that substantiates climate environmental licensing. It also pointed out that the country has a scenario for reducing GHG emissions from thermoelectric power plants. It argued that the damage apparently caused by the plant&#39;s operation had not been proven in the initial petition. 

Geography

Rio Grande do Sul

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