Shanxi Sheng

Anhui Sheng

Shanghai Shi

Hong Kong SAR

Shaanxi Sheng

Heilongjiang Sheng

Hunan Sheng

Taiwan Sheng

Jilin Sheng

Tianjin Shi

Beijing Shi

Chongqing Shi

Jiangsu Sheng

Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu

Jiangxi Sheng

Guangdong Sheng

Yunnan Sheng

Macao SAR

Fujian Sheng

Xizang Zizhiqu

Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu

Guizhou Sheng

Liaoning Sheng

Gansu Sheng

Zhejiang Sheng

Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu

Nei Mongol Zizhiqu

Qinghai Sheng

Henan Sheng

Hubei Sheng

Shandong Sheng

Hebei Sheng

Hainan Sheng

Sichuan Sheng

China

Target 65% reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 2030

Target peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030

Target 80% of energy consumption to be from non-fossil energy sources in 2060

Target forest stock volume of 19 billion cubic meters by 2030

Target reclamation rate of 60% in 2025, then 65% in 2030

Target the total amount of major reusable resources to reach 450 million metric tons by 2025, then 510 million by 2030

Target 4 billion metric tons of bulk solid waste recycled annually by 2025, then 4.5 billion by 2030

By 2030, target all ground vehicles used in civil airports to be powered by electricity

Target at least 70% of travel to be conducted through environmentally friendly means in cities with populations of one million or more by 2030

Target to reach peak in petroleum consumption for land transportation by 2030

Target 40% of incremental vehicles to be fueled by clean energy in 2030; carbon emiission intesity of commercial vehicles also targeted to be cut by 9.5% compared with 2020

Target renewable resources to account for 8% of the alternative to conventional energy used in buildings by 2025 and 50% photovoltaic coverage on the roofs of newly constructed public buildings and factories

Target all newly constructed buildings in urban areas to meet green building standards by 2025

Target domestic capacity for primary refining of crude oil will be kept below 1 billion metric tons by 2025

Target installed pumped-storage hydro power capacity to reach approximately 120 gigawatts by 2030

Target installed capacity of energy storage to reach 30 gigawatts by 2025

Target 1200 gigawatts total installed generation capacity of wind and solar power by 2030

Target 25% share of non-fossil energy consumption by 2030

Target new car sales to reach 20% by 2025

Target to reach peak carbon emissions by 2030

Target 20% of total energy consumption to be from non-fossil fuels

Target 87.5 days with good air quality in cities

Target an 24.1% increase in rate of forest coverage

Target 18% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP

Target 13.5% reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP

By 2025, the annual comprehensive production capacity of domestic energy will reach more than 4.6 billion tons of standard coal, the annual output of crude oil will recover and stabilize at the level of 200 million tons, the annual output of natural gas will reach more than 230 billion cubic meters, and the total installed capacity of power generation will reach about 3 billion kilowatts. The energy reserve system will be further improved, and the independent energy supply capacity will be further enhanced. The power emergency safety guarantee capability of key cities, core areas and important users has been significantly improved.

The low-carbon transformation of energy has achieved remarkable results. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP have been reduced by 18% in five years. By 2025, the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption will increase to about 20%, the proportion of non-fossil energy power generation will reach about 39%, the level of electrification will continue to improve, and electricity will account for about 30% of final energy consumption.

By 2025, the proportion of flexible power supply will reach about 24%, and the response capacity of the power demand side will reach 3% to 5% of the maximum power load.

The ability to guarantee energy security has been greatly improved, and green production and consumption patterns
Widely formed, the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption will be increased on the basis of reaching 25% in 2030.



By 2025, the national energy consumption per unit of GDP will drop by 13.5% compared with 2020, the total energy consumption will be reasonably controlled, and the total emissions of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds will drop by 8% compared with 2020. %, 8%, more than 10%, more than 10%. The energy conservation and emission reduction policies and mechanisms have been improved, the energy utilization efficiency of key industries and the control level of major pollutant emissions have basically reached the international advanced level, and remarkable results have been achieved in the green transformation of economic and social development.

20% non-fossil share

Expand forest coverage around 25% of China’s total land area and increase forest stock volume to 19 billion cubic meters by 2030.&nbsp;

By 2025, a basic sorting system for urban household waste will be established, with the reclamation rate up to about 60%. By 2030, the sorting system for urban household waste will cover all cities, and the reclamation rate will rise to 65%.

By 2025, the amount of bulk solid waste recycled annually will reach around 4 billion metric tons, rising to about 4.5 billion by 2030.

By 2030, all key industrial parks at the provincial level or above will be upgraded to support circular operations.

By 2030, all ground vehicles and equipment at civil airports will strive to be powered by electricity.&nbsp;

By 2025, renewable resources will account for 8% of the alternative to conventional energy used in buildings, and we will strive to reach 50% photovoltaic coverage on the roofs of newly constructed public buildings and factories.&nbsp;

By 2025, all newly constructed buildings in urban areas will meet green building standards.

By 2025, the total amount of nine major reusable resources including steel scrap, cooper, aluminum, lead, zinc, waste paper, plastic, rubber, and glass recycled will top 450 million metric tons, reaching 510 million by 2030.

By 2025, domestic capacity for primary refining of crude oil will be kept below 1 billion metric tons, and the utilisation rate of production capacity for main products will rise to 80% or more.&nbsp;

By 2025, installed capacity of new types of energy storage will reach 30 gigawatts or more. By 2030, installed pumped-storage hydro power capacity will reach approximately 120 gigawatts, and provincial-level electrical grids will be equipped with peak load response capacity of 5% or more.&nbsp;

Approximately 40 gigawatts of additional hydro power capacity will be installed during both the 14th and 15th Five-Year Plan periods, respectively, while a renewable energy system based largely on hydro power will be generally established in southwestern China.&nbsp;

By 2030, total installed generation capacity of wind and solar power will reach above 1200 gigawatts.



Ensure in principle that no less than 50% of electricity transmitted via newly constructed lines is generated from renewable resources

By 2030, the share of non-fossil energy consumption will reach around 25%, and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will have dropped by more than 65% compared with the 2005 level, successfully achieving carbon dioxide peaking before 2030.



By 2025, the share of non-fossil fuels in total energy consumption will reach around 20%, while energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will drop by 13.5% and 18%, respectively, compared with 2020 levels

New energy vehicles to represent over 50 % of sales by 2035

New energy vehicles to reach 20% of sales by 2025

The proportion of non-fossil energy in total energy consumption to about 20%.”

&nbsp;“The rate of forest coverage will increase to 24.1%”

“Energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will be reduced by 13.5% and 18% respectively”

By 2020, the penetration rate of practical adaptive technical training for rural labor will reach 70% by 2020 against a 2013 baseline. This will be achieved by improving the training of farmers to adapt to technology.

Cut carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2020

Decrease the carbon intensity of GDP by 17% by 2015  against a 2011 baseline

Increase the percentage of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 15%  by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

The proportion of natural gas consumption in primary energy consumption will exceed 10%, and the utilization volume will reach 3.6 trillion cubic meters by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

Safe and efficient development of nuclear power. On the basis of ensuring safety, the company will effectively develop nuclear power, upgrade the safety level of nuclear power plants, and steadily advance nuclear power construction. The total installed capacity in 2020 reached 58 million kilowatts. by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

By 2020, the total primary energy consumption will be controlled at about 4.8 billion tons of standard coal, and the total coal consumption will be controlled at about 4.2 billion tons by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

By 2020, natural gas will account for more than 10% by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

By 2020,  the proportion of coal consumption will be controlled within 62% by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

By 2020, it will cumulatively increase the verified geological reserves of conventional gas by 5.5 trillion cubic meters, and produce 178 billion cubic meters of conventional natural gas per year by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

By 2020, shale gas production will strive to exceed 30 billion cubic meters by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

It is hoped that by 2020, the percentage of green buildings in new towns will reach 50% by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

For group access standards, coal consumption for newly-built coal-fired power generation units is lower than 300 grams per kilowatt-hour of standard coal, and pollutant emissions are close to those of gas-fired gas turbines by 2014

By 2020, the total primary energy consumption will be controlled at around 4.8 billion tons of standard coal.

The value-added CO2 emissions per unit of industry will fall by about 50% by 2020 against a 2005 baseline

By 2015, the level of carbon dioxide emissions from large-scale power generation enterprise groups will be controlled at 650 g/kWh

Low-carbon park pilots: 150 or so low-carbon industrial demonstration parks will be built by 2020

1000 low-carbon commercial pilot by 2020: selected commercial establishments such as representative stores, hotels, restaurants, and tourist attractions to carry out pilot projects, and strengthen the operation and supply chain management through the enhancement of new technologies such as energy-saving and renewable energy, and significantly reduce CO2 emissions from pilot commercial organizations.

Decrease the energy intensity of GDP by 16% by 2015 against a 2011 baseline

By 2020, the forest coverage rate will reach 23% and the forest reserves will exceed 15 billion cubic meters by 2020

By 2020, the rate of --three-step- grasslands will reach 55.6% by 2020

Effective protection rate of natural wetlands will reach more than 60%, and the area of desertified land will be over 50% of the controllable area. More than 95% of the state's key protected wild animals and over 90% of the minimum wild plant species will be effectively protected against desertification by 2020.

Increase the proportion of forest area and stock volume by 40 million ha and 1.3 billion m3 respectively from a 2005 baseline by 2020 against a 2005 baseline

Increase forest coverage to 21.6% by 2015 against a 2011 baseline

Installed capacity of conventional hydropower will strive to reach 350 million kilowatts, and the annual power generation capacity will be 1.2 trillion kilowatt-hours by 2020

Vigorously develop wind power. Accelerate the construction of 80 million-kilowatt-class wind power bases in the --Three North Region- and coastal areas, and build inland small and medium-sized wind power and offshore wind power projects in line with local conditions, and strengthen all kinds of grid-connected auxiliary projects. In 2020, the installed capacity of grid-connected wind power will reach 200 million kilowatts

Promote the diversification of solar energy use. Build a batch of "10,000 kilowatt-class" large-scale photovoltaic power plants. In 2020, the installed capacity of solar power generation will reach 100 million kilowatts, and the installed area of ??solar thermal utilization will reach 800 million square meters

Develop biomass energy. We will give priority to the construction of biomass polygeneration projects, accelerate the development of biogas power generation, and promote urban waste incineration and landfill gas power generation. To realize the industrialization of biomass forming fuels, accelerate the industrialization of biomass liquid fuels, and actively develop biomass gas supply. In 2020, the installed capacity of biomass power generation in China will reach 30 million kilowatts, the annual biomass consumption of biomass fuel will reach 50 million tons, the annual utilization of biogas will reach 44 billion cubic meters, and the annual utilization of biological liquid fuel will reach 130 billion cubic meters.

Non-fossil energy will account for 15% of primary energy consumption by 2020

Geothermal energy to reach 50 million tons of standard coal by 2020

Increase the share of non-fossil fuel primary energy consumption to 11.4% by 2015

In 2020, the sharing rate of public transportation in large and medium-sized cities will reach 30% by 2020 against a 2014 baseline

In 2020, the CO2 emission per unit passenger transport volume will be 5% lower than in 2010, and CO2 emissions per unit freight turnover 13% lower than in 2010.

In 2020, the amount of CO2 emission from railway transportation units will be reduced by 15% compared with 2010.   Rail transport. We will improve the railway transportation network, accelerate the electrification of railways, increase the proportion of electric locomotives that undertake the passenger and freight transport of railways, increase the capacity of railway transportation, and promote the energy-saving dispatch of railways. We will actively develop containerized sea-rail transport, accelerate the elimination of old locomotives, and develop energy-saving low-carbon locomotives and EMUs. Strengthen the low-carbon transformation and operation management of stations and other facilities.

Waterway transportation: In 2020, the CO2 emissions per unit of passenger and freight turnover was 13% by 2020 against a 2010 baseline

Air freight: In 2020, CO2 emissions from passenger and freight turnover of civil aviation units were reduced by about 11% by 2020 against a 2010 baseline

Beijing Grassland Alliance Environmental Protection Center, supported by three other NGOs, sued Xingyi Shangcheng Power Generation Company Limited. The plaintiff raised eight demands, focusing on three key issues:
1. Environmental damages: The plaintiff accused the defendant of engaging in long-term practices that included emitting waste gas, dust, and key pollutants above standard levels, tampering with or forging pollution monitoring data, and failing to maintain automatic monitoring equipment. The plaintiff argued that these actions constituted an environmental tort and requested the court to hold the defendant accountable for civil liabilities. The plaintiff sought court orders for the cessation of the infringement, the elimination of pollution risks, environmental restoration, compensation for the loss of environmental services, and a public apology.
2. Carbon Emissions: The plaintiff alleged that the defendant exceeded the permissible limits for carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, the plaintiff requested the court to evaluate the atmospheric damage caused by these excessive emissions and demanded that the defendant be held accountable for ecological damage and required to provide compensation.
3. Carbon Quotas: The plaintiff argued that the defendant failed to pay for 821,596 tons of carbon emission quotas during the first compliance period of the carbon trading system, despite exceeding the allowable carbon dioxide emissions. The plaintiff requested that the court order the defendant to pay for 818,148 tons of carbon credits and implement energy-saving measures, pointing out that the defendant had only purchased 3,448 tons as of January 2022.

The defendant responded by asserting that their pollutant emissions had never exceeded legal limits and had not caused environmental damage. They also claimed that their failure to purchase additional carbon quotas was not intentional but resulted from confusion about compliance deadlines and financial difficulties. Furthermore, they argued that their actual carbon emissions were significantly lower than the amounts calculated by the government when penalties were imposed, and they requested a review of these administrative penalties. Additionally, the defendant contended that the judiciary lacked jurisdiction over this case, asserting that only administrative liability should apply.

On June 7, 2024, the Court rendered its decision. 
1. Environmental Tort: The court found that the defendant’s emissions of sulfur dioxide and dust, which exceeded the legal limits, constituted an environmental tort, making them civilly liable. However, since the defendant had rectified the issue before the lawsuit and the environmental damage did not require further restoration, the plaintiff's request to stop the infringement and restore the environment was denied. However, the court awarded the plaintiff 9,400 CNY in compensation for the loss of ecological services.
2. Carbon Emissions and Quotas: The court ruled that the defendant had not exceeded emissions standards for waste gas or nitrogen oxides (except during equipment malfunctions), and that the plaintiff failed to prove that the defendant’s non-payment for additional carbon quotas had caused environmental damage. However, the court underscored the future risks associated with excessive carbon dioxide emissions and stressed the importance of stringent control, even though current Chinese law does not classify carbon dioxide as a pollutant, nor does it have specific emission standards for it. The court affirmed the defendant’s obligation to pay for the extra carbon quotas, noting that this obligation was fulfilled during the litigation process.
3. The court concluded that the defendant’s repeated failure to fulfill its carbon trading obligations, despite multiple reminders, was unlawful and contrary to the goals of mitigating climate change and protecting the legal rights of current and future generations.

To sum up:
1. The court ruled that it has jurisdiction over failure to comply with carbon trading obligations.
2. Although Chinese law does not currently classify carbon dioxide as a pollutant, its emissions are still subject to stringent controls, and entities responsible for excess emissions must fulfill their obligations accordingly. 

In May 2019, Beijing Fengfujiuxin Marketing and Technology Co. Ltd. (“the plaintiff”) and Zhongyan Zhichuang Blockchain Co. Ltd. (“the defendant”) signed three contracts that stipulated the plaintiff would purchase 1,542 micro data storage servers for bitcoin mining and transfer 93% of the profits from the mining to the plaintiff as either fiat currency or bitcoin. The plaintiff paid RMB 100 million to purchase the facilities and maintain their operation. The defendant paid 18.3463 BTC but stopped sharing the profits from the mining operation afterward. Therefore, the plaintiff sued and sought damages of 278.1655 BTC or USD 95.5 million (roughly RMB 67 million).

On December 14, 2021, The District Court of Chaoyang in Beijing rejected the plaintiff’s claims, as the contractual arrangement is voided. According to Article 52(4) of the Contract Law, a contract is void if it harms public interests. To determine the requirements of public interests, the court turned to several “notices” and “announcements” issued by various governmental departments, including the People’s Bank, Ministry of Public Security, NDRC, and Supreme People’s Court, on the prevention and resolution of risks of virtual currency trading. The court found that, according to these policy documents, cryptocurrency-related activities consume an immense amount of energy and can create instability in the financial market, therefore going against public interests. As a result, the contractual arrangements between the parties are invalid because they jeopardized public interests. Unsatisfied by this decision, the plaintiff appealed to the Intermediate People’s Court.

On July 7, 2022, Beijing Third Intermediate People's Court dismissed the plaintiff’s appeal. It upheld both the decision and the reasoning of the court of first instance.

On June 6, 2017, the Friends of Nature Institute (FON) sued the State-owned enterprise, Gansu State Grid for its high abandonment rate of wind power in violation of Articles 2 and 14 of the Renewable Energy Law. Article 2 provides a definition of ‘renewables’, and Article 14 requires that the grid companies ‘purchase all electricity generated from renewable energy sources’ and ‘provide connection service’. In this case, Gansu State Grid purchased the electricity generated by wind power and solar energy, but did not connect it to the grid. Defendant provided a strict interpretation of Article 14 that a grid company does not have a duty to put all the renewable electricity it purchases on the grid. Though under Article 29 of the same law, a grid company is responsible for failure to purchase all electricity produced from renewable sources only if such failure were to cause economic damage to the producer, FON argued for an extensive explanation of Article 29 that the defendant’s high curtailment of wind and photovoltaic power resulting in GHG emissions should have been prevented, and that the Gansu State Grid shall be held responsible for the environmental damage caused by its use of coal-fired power.

On August 14, 2018, the Lanzhou Intermediate People’s Court rejected the NGO’s claims on procedural grounds. The Court reasoned that the Gansu State Grid, because it is solely responsible for the acquisition and distribution of electricity, does not engage in activities that directly cause pollution or degradation. As a result, the applicant failed to meet the conditions for instituting an action. Unsatisfied by this decision, FON appealed to the High Court of Gansu Province. 

On December 28, 2018, the High Court of Gansu Province overruled the decision of the lower court. On the ground of Article 119 of the Civil Procedure Law, as there were specific defendant and claim, the High Court upheld the application on procedural issues and ordered the Gansu Mining Area Intermediate Court to hear the case. 

On June 5, 2019, the Gansu Mining Area Intermediate People's Court accepted the case and published the Court’s notice to inform the parties. The case is now being heard on its merits by the court. Due to the travel restriction after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Gansu, the judges have held discussions with the parties but have not taken further action. 

On April 10, 2023, a mediation agreement was reached between Gansu State Grid and FON under the supervision of the Gansu Mining Area Intermediate People’s Court. According to the agreement, Gansu State Grid agreed to (a) invest 1.98 billion CNY at first and then at least 913 million CNY to put the renewable electricity on the grid before 2025; (b) submit a report annually during the implementation of the above mentioned project to the Gansu Mining District People’s Court, the copy of which shall also be transferred by the court to FON; and (c) disclose information related to the consumption of clean energy, subject to public supervision.

China

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