Nottinghamshire

Bracknell Forest

Trafford

Havering

North Tyneside

Bradford

Tower Hamlets

Hackney

Newham

Bromley

Vale of Glamorgan, The [Bro Morgannwg GB-BMG]

Herefordshire

Newport [Casnewydd GB-CNW]

Bristol, City of

Warwickshire

Hillingdon

North Yorkshire

Bury

West Berkshire

Highland

Oldham

Cambridgeshire

West Dunbartonshire

Hammersmith and Fulham

Orkney Islands

Caerphilly [Caerffili GB-CAF]

Waltham Forest

Hounslow

Oxfordshire

Central Bedfordshire

Wigan

Hartlepool

Pembrokeshire [Sir Benfro GB-BNF]

Causeway Coast and Glens

Wiltshire

Hertfordshire

Perth and Kinross

Ceredigion [Sir Ceredigion]

Wakefield

Harrow

Plymouth

Cheshire East

Walsall

Haringey

Portsmouth

Cheshire West and Chester

West Lothian

Isles of Scilly

Powys

Calderdale

Wales [Cymru GB-CYM]

Isle of Wight

Peterborough

Clackmannanshire

Wolverhampton

Islington

Redcar and Cleveland

Cumbria

Wandsworth

Inverclyde

Rochdale

Camden

West Northamptonshire

Kensington and Chelsea

Rhondda Cynon Taff [Rhondda CynonTaf]

Carmarthenshire [Sir Gaerfyrddin GB-GFY]

Windsor and Maidenhead

Kent

Redbridge

Cornwall

Wokingham

Kingston upon Hull

Reading

Coventry

Worcestershire

Kirklees

Renfrewshire

Cardiff [Caerdydd GB-CRD]

Wirral

Kingston upon Thames

Richmond upon Thames

Croydon

Warrington

Knowsley

Rotherham

Conwy

Wrexham [Wrecsam GB-WRC]

Lancashire

Rutland

Darlington

Westminster

Lisburn and Castlereagh

Sandwell

Derbyshire

West Sussex

Lambeth

South Ayrshire

Denbighshire [Sir Ddinbych GB-DDB]

York

Leicester

United Kingdom

By 2030 we want all of England’s soils to be managed sustainably;We will bring 75% of Sites of Special Scientific Interest into favourable condition by 2042; andWe will develop a Nature Recovery Network creating or restoring 500,000 hectares&nbsp;of wildlife rich habitat.




England will have at least 12% woodland cover by mid-century, contributing to net zero greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;



We intend to spend over £500 million of the £640 million Nature for Climate Fund on trees and woodlands between 2020 and 2025. With this funding, we aim to at least treble woodland creation rates by the end of this Parliament, reflecting England’s contribution to meeting the UK’s overall target of planting 30,000 hectares per year by the end of this Parliament.

After setting out an aim for 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030 in the UK Hydrogen Strategy we are now doubling our ambition to up to 10GW by 2030, subject to affordability and value for money, with at least half from electrolytic hydrogen.

support the establishment of at least two low carbon CCUS clusters by the mid- 2020s and a further two by 2030 through which we aim to capture 20-30MtCO2 per year





Our aspiration is for zero emission routes connecting different parts of the UK by 2030.&nbsp;

By 2025 we are committing to have at least five UK SAF plants under construction and a SAF mandate in place with a target of at least 10% SAF by 2030.

We will target airport operations to be zero emission by 2040 and support further reductions within the existing aviation system.

We are setting a target for domestic flights to reach net zero by 2040, and next year&nbsp;will launch a consultation on how this will be implemented.&nbsp;

We are introducing a CO2 emissions reduction trajectory that sees aviation emissions peak in 2019. This trajectory from 2025 to 2050, is based on our "High ambition" scenario, and sets ambitious in-sector targets of 35.4 MtCO2e in 2030, 28.4 MtCO2e in 2040, and 19.3 MtCO2e in 2050.

By 2030, 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity with potential for rapid expansion post-2030 and see 1GW production capacity by 2025.

By 2022, intend to launch the Net Zero Hydrogen Fund with £240M.

By 2024, £22Bn a year of public funding for R&D.

By 2023, first contracts to be allocated for the Hydrogen Business Model.

By 2023, enable up to 20% hydrogen blending on the netwroks.

By 2026, aim to consult in 2021 on 'hydrogen-ready' boilers

By 2030, prepare for hydrogen for heat trials.

Between 2023 and 2032, use low carbon hydrogen enabled by 5GW production capacity to save 41MTCo2.

From 2023, commitment to purchase only ultra low or zero emission buses.

By 2025, the TCFD aligned disclosure obligations to be mandatory across UK

By 2024, ensure that each carbon unit credited to the net UK carbon account is cancelled.

By 2030, commit the UK to the World Bank's Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative.

By 2050, transform the UK Continental Shelf to be a net zero basin.

By 2025, commit ¬£122M funding to a new Heat Network Transformation Programme.

By 2030, triple the amount of biomethane in the grid under the Green Gas SUpport Scheme.

By 2025, fuel poor households to achieve a minimum energy efficiency rating of Band D.

From 2022, the Warm Home Discount to be extended to 2025/26 to expand total spending from ¬£350M to ¬£475M a year.

From 2022-2026, Energy Company Obligation to support fuel poor consumers with up to ¬£300 on their energy bills.

By 2032, ¬£1Bn of funding to cut emissions by 1.3Mt Co2e.

BY 2030, all rented non-domestic buildings will be EPC Band B

By 2028, ¬£50M to support delivery of upgrading homes to meet EPC band C.

The sale of new petrol and diesel cars will end from 2030 and hybrids by 2035.

¬£160M scheme launched a competitive process to support the development of offshore wind manufacturing infrastructure.

By 2030, support the delivery of the sector's target of 60% UK content in offshore wind projects.

By 2022, establish the role which BECCS plays in reducing carbon emissions across the economy.

By 2040, aim to build a commercially viable fusion power plant.

By early 2030s, provide ¬£385M in Advanced Nuclear Fund for the next generation of nuclear technology to develop SMR design and build an AMR demonstrator.

By 2030, 40Gw in offshore wind and 1GW in floating wind, alongside low-cost renewable technologies.

The UK aims for 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030.

By 2028, grow the installation of electric heat pumps from 30,000 a year to 600,000 a year.

By 2030, the government will facilitate the deployment of CCUS in four clusters.

By 2030, offshore wind to reach 40GW including 1GW floating wind.

By 2032, industry and buildings to reduce emissions by up to 230MtCo2.

By 2027, commitment to raise total R+D investment to 2.4% of GDP.

By 2030, capture 10MT of Co2 and invest up to ¬£1Bn to support the establishment of CCUS in four industrial clusters.

By 2030, end sale of new petro and diesel cars and vans and provide ¬£2.8Bn package of measures to support industry and consumers.

By 2030, UK to aim for 5GW of low-carbon hydrogen production capacity and pioneer hydrogen heating trials.

By 2030, offshore wind capacity is planned to quadruple and bring new jobs to ports and coastal areas.

By 2030, support up to 250,000 green jobs as part of the Ten Point Plan.

Between 2022-2026, ¬£500M of the ¬£1.5Bn voucher scheme for low income households

Between 2022-2026, ¬£4.7Bn for low-income households to support energy bills.

From 2020, over six years, to offer ¬£6.7Bn to the vulnerable and energy poor.

By 2028, electric heat pumps to be installed from 30,000 a year to 600,000 a year.

By 2032, reduce up to 230Mt Co2 across power, buildings and industry and create jobs 220,000 jobs.

BY 2027, raise total R+D investment to 2.4% of GDP.

By 2030, 40Gw in offshore wind to generate 60,000 jobs in the UK.

By 2030, 250,000 new green jobs as set out in the ten point plan.

By 2030, 40,000 new jobs for zero-emissions vehicles and new CCSU technology.

By 2025, a Hydrogen Neighbourhood village will be trialing.

By 2026, from 2022 extend the energy company obligation and warm discount to ¬£475M a year.

By 2030, require all rented non-domestic buildings to be Band B on Energy Performance

By 2030, the CCUS will aim to capture 10Mt of carbon dioxide a year.

The sale of new petrol and diesel cars will end from 2030.

By 2030, ¬£36Bn mobilised by the private sector for investing in green jobs.

By 2050, the energy innovation strategy to annually generate ¬£54 billion of business opportunities for the UK.

By 2023, the HSE to enable up to 20% hydrogen blending on the network.

By 2024/5, the government to provide ¬£240M for the Net Zero Hydrogen Fund.

By 2030, 8000 new jobs in the hydrogen sector.

By 2030, ¬£1Bn will be to support the establishment of carbon capture and storage in four industrial clusters and create up to 6,600 jobs.

By 2030, deliver the ambition for 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity

By 2030, ¬£2-3Bn to be invested in carbon storage technology.

By 2025, OGCI to meet 0.25-0.2% methane intensity commitment.

By 2030, UK has the ambition to get to 5GW for low carbon hydrogen production capacity.

By 2030, four clusters will be formed for carbon capture.

By 2030, 50% reduction from 2018 emission levels.

By 2030, achieve a 60Mt reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

By 2030, to achieve 50% local energy and decomission oil and gas.

By 2030, ¬£14-16Bn to be invested in new technologies, especially CCSU and Hydrogen at scale.

From 2021-2025, over the four years, BEIS will provide the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult’s Floating Offshore Wind Centre of Excellence with £2M to fund offshore wind projects.

By 2040, the first net zero cluster to be developed.

By 2030, two more carbon capture clusters.

By 2025, build two carbon capture clusters.

By 2030, 20 TWH of fossil fuels to be replaced with renewables.

By 2050, emissions to be reduced by 90% since 2018 level.

By 2035, emissions to be reduced by two thirds.

By 2030, the government will facilitate the deployment of CCUS in four low carbon clusters and one net zero free cluster.

Between 2020-2025, there will be at least £51Bn investment in water infrastructure in England and Wales

By 2030, there will be an advancement of floating offshore wind technology of 1GW.

For 2050, £100M has been directed towards Direct Air Capture technologies.

Investment in low carbon technology for 2030s and 2040s.

By 2050, NIC recommended to reduce water leakage by 50%

Since 2019, £469M will be dedicated for flood resilience between 2020-2025.

On February 20, 2025, the claimant, Alison Caffyn, filed an application for judicial review challenging Shropshire Council’s decision to grant planning permission for an intensive poultry unit (IPU) at a local farm. The facility was expected to generate large volumes of manure, much of which would be treated in an anaerobic digester to produce digestate for use as fertilizer. The claim focused on the adequacy of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) conducted under the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017, and on compliance with the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017.


The claimant argued, relying on the Supreme Court’s reasoning in R (Finch) v Surrey County Council [2024] UKSC 20, that the Council was required to assess the indirect environmental effects of spreading manure and digestate on farmland and watercourses. She emphasized that ammonia emissions and nitrogen deposition from poultry units already placed designated sites in Shropshire under severe ecological pressure, with levels reaching 200–600% of critical thresholds ￼. The Council, however, treated the transfer of manure to an anaerobic digester as a mitigation measure and did not conduct a substantive assessment of the downstream impacts of digestate spreading.
Fordham J held that the Council’s approach was unlawful. Although officers had collected information, they failed to make the evaluative judgments required by Finch on causation and on the capability of meaningful assessment of indirect effects ￼. The judge found that processing manure into digestate did not break the causal chain between the IPU and subsequent environmental effects, and that the impacts of digestate—such as nutrient pollution, ammonia emissions, and contributions to climate-relevant air and water quality degradation—were sufficiently connected to the project to require assessment ￼. The Council had also erred in excluding certain “in-combination” projects from its Habitats Regulations assessment.
On June 17, 2025, the Court quashed the planning permission and ordered the Council to pay the claimant’s costs￼.


Luton and District Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise (“LADACAN”), an unincorporated association constituted to oppose the expansion of Luton Airport, brought a judicial review against the Secretary of State’s decision to grant development consent to the expansion of London Luton Airport. This decision was taken in spite of the recommendation of planning inspectors that permission should not be granted. 

The following grounds of challenge will be considered in the High Court: 
1. There was an error in law in that greenhouse gas emissions from inbound flights were excluded from the environmental impact assessment (EIA).  
2. There was a lack of consistency in approach between the Luton Airport decision and the process for approving Gatwick Airport’s expansion.
3. There was an error of law in that the likely significant impacts of non-carbon dioxide emissions were excluded from the environmental impact assessment.
4. There was an error of law in concluding that the government’s duty under the Climate Change Act 2008 to adopt policies and procedures to help reach net zero was a ‘pollution control regime’.
5. There was a failure to comply with duties under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, which require that developments in an area of outstanding national beauty must seek to further the conservation and natural beauty of the area.

The Claimant, a group of climate and environmental campaigners from different backgrounds (such as Frack Free Dee, Friends of the Earth, Extinction Rebellion, Chester Sustainability Forum, and CAFOD), who oppose Carbon Capture and Storage (“CCS”) in respect of power generation, brought a judicial review against the decision by the Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero (SSESNZ) to agree to the grant of consent for the “HyNet Carbon Dioxide Transportation and Storage Project – Offshore” (“the Development”), itself part of a larger project involving hydrogen production, transport and storage (the “HyNet Cluster”). The Development comprises 3 geological gas storage sites in the Liverpool Bay Area beneath the East Irish Sea, and is designed to store 109 million tonnes of carbon dioxide. The Claimant also challenged the decision of the Second Defendant, the Oil and Gas Authority (trading as the North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA) to grant consent for the Development. 

The challenge was brought on three grounds: Ground 1: (a) failure to assess major accidents and disasters (“MAD”) effects and/or (b) a failure to carry out a lawful public consultation, as required under the EIA Regulations. Ground 2: failure to assess cumulative effects of the Development on climate, as required under the EIA Regulations. Ground 3: failure to comply with the requirements of the Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations 2001 (“the Habitats Regulations”).

The Court refused HyNot’s application for judicial review. It found that: on Ground 1, the MAD had been assessed through the EIA process – which EIA legislation “does not impose a standard of perfection”, but rather requires “an adequate basis for public consultation”. On the flooding risk to the terminal, which the Claimant had highlighted, the Court found that the emergency shut down process which would be in place was “a rational approach”, and that the Secretary of State had made no arguable legal error in relation to it. Moreover, the Court found that the Secretary of State had complied with the consultation requirements. On Ground 2, the Claimant argued that, to fully assess the Development’s environmental effects and its impact on climate, the cumulative effects of the wider HyNet Cluster needed to be assessed. The Court disagreed, finding that it had to focus on the specific project, the Development; here, consent wasn’t being sought for a “multi-phase scheme”, and the HyNet Cluster was subject to its own EIA requirements, thus its impacts were not to be taken into account in assessing the Development’s own impacts. Moreover, the CO2 emissions deriving from hydrogen production wouldn’t be indirect, secondary, or cumulative effects of the Development, as a matter of causation. Regarding Ground 3, the Court held that the Secretary of State had “sufficient information to be satisfied that there would be no adverse effects upon the integrity of any relevant protected site”, therefore “it was rational to conclude further consultation with the public was unnecessary.” Lastly, the Court found that the claimant had not acted sufficiently promptly in filing the claim three months after the relevant decision had been made; and would have disallowed the application on this basis. The Claimant has stated it has appealed the decision. 

Oceana UK, represented by public interest law firm Leigh Day, filed a complaint on August 22, 2024 against the United Kingdom's decision on the issuing of 28 licenses for oil and gas exploration. Between October 2023 and May 2024, the UK, through the North Sea Transition Authority, issued 82 oil and gas exploration licenses, with Oceana UK contending the unlawfulness of 28 of those licenses. The licenses cover 226 blocks in the North Sea, with over ⅔ of the licenses residing in marine protected areas. The 82 licenses issued are expected to result in 600 million barrels of oil equivalent, while oil spills were not considered in the impact assessments of the issued licenses. 

Oceana UK contends that these licenses were unlawful on several grounds, including failure to consider environmental risks, the dismissal of expert advice, and climate impact oversight. 21 out of the 28 licenses are inside designated marine protected areas, which typically protect wildlife like harbour porpoise, grey seals, and puffins. Oceana UK asserts that the potential for accidental oil spills in these areas was unlawfully excluded in the environmental impact assessments of the licenses, with the occurrence of “more than two oil or chemical spills every day last year from oil and gas developments in UK waters”. The spills over the last year resulted in over 82,000 kg of oil spilling into the sea, posing risks for nearby habitats. Oceana UK also outlines the need for environmental impact assessments to account for emissions, referencing the precedent law established by the Finch ruling. 

Oceana UK also contends that the dismissal of expert advice from independent government advisors was unlawful, referencing the UK government’s overlooking of advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and Natural England when granting the licenses. Oceana UK asserts that this expert advice was not adequately considered in the environmental assessments conducted by the government. 

The case was heard in the High Court on 26-27 March 2025. 

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United Kingdom

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