The dissenting judge would have found that the combination of the two errors identified by the defendants required reversal or vacatur and remand of the fees and costs award. He wrote that “[w]hat is frivolous in this case is the claim, not its removal,” considering that the City’s case had been dismissed “under the indulgent New York pleading standard.” He conclude that “[i]n any event, a party that uses a local consumer protection law to combat global climate change should not be compensated on the premise that the other side is filing frivolous papers.”

Lawsuit against oil and gas companies and trade group alleging they systematically and intentionally misled consumers about their products' role in causing climate change.

City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.

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City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp. - opinion

Filed

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An aim to achieve a quantifiable outcome within a given time-frame, set by an institution such as a national government.

Policy instruments are techniques or tools used by governing authorities to promote certain policies in order to achieve predetermined goals. Put simply, instruments are how a government tries to achieve its goals, with this taxonomy being focused on national policy instruments.

Risk is the potential for adverse consequences resulting from the dynamic interplay between (climate-related) hazards, exposure, and vulnerability of affected human or ecological systems.

Groups  of people who are adversely affected by climate change or the response to it

A set of principles, processes, and practices that build economic and political power to shift from an extractive economy to a regenerative economy.

Justice is the ethical and political framework that addresses fairness, including issues of responsibility, rights, and structural inequity.

Renewable energy means all forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner.

Fossil fuel is a generic term for non-renewable energy sources such as coal, fossil gas, and oil (including crude oil, and petroleum products), that can be used for electricity and heat generation. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from pressurised and heated organic material buried over millions of years.

Molecules in the atmosphere that play a key role in the greenhouse effect by trapping heat radiating from Earth’s surface.

Area of the economy in which actors engage in identical or related activities.

In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, in order to moderate harm, increase resilience or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate change and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate change and its effects.

The management and allocation of funds, assets and investments to meet various objectives

Either money or something of monetary value is transferred between two or more organisations, people or countries.

Oil is a combustible liquid fossil fuel composed mainly of hydrocarbons, occurring as crude oil and refined into petroleum products such as petrol, diesel and kerosene.

City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp. - opinion

Fossil fuel

Greenhouse gas

Finance